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\subsection*{Experimental Particle Physics at High Energies}

Professors Brock, Hilger, Kobel, Wermes.

\subsubsection*{Contents}

\begin{itemize}
\item Experimental Particle Physics at highest energies
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Electron-Proton Collisions at HERA
  \item Electron-Positron Collisions at 200 GeV
  \item Proton-Proton Collisions at 14 TeV
  \item Studies for Electron-Positron at a 500 GeV Linear Collider
  \end{itemize}
\item Development of low noise active pixel detectors for Xray-Astronomy
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Abstract}
Particle physics experiments at high energy accelerators with
centre-of-mass energies above 100 GeV and up to 14 TeV study
processes which were relevant in the early universe at time
scales of $10^{-12}$s to $10^{-14}$s after the Big Bang. Questions
governing the development of the universe between the Grand
Unified Theories (GUT) epoch and the electroweak phase transition are
addressed, such as fundamental symmetries and symmetry breaking
mechanisms, the concept of the Higgs-Mechanism, and low energy
phenomena related to new concepts in superstring related theories
with extra dimensions. The experimental programme in this field in
Bonn receives funding from the BMBF. Within the context of this
SFB it is planned to additionally address topics specifically related to
``Particles in an Evolving Universe''.


% ======================================================

\subsection{Electron-Proton Collisions at HERA}


{\bf{ {Professor I.C. Brock}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/733616}\\ {Fax: 0228/737869}\\ {Email:
brock@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor E. Hilger}\\
{Physikalisches Institut}\\ {Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee
12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon: 0228/733240}\\ {Fax:
0228/737869}\\ {Email: hilger@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}

\subsubsection*{Abstract}

Electron/positron-proton collisions at energies hitherto unavailable
will be investigated using data to be collected with the ZEUS detector
at the HERA collider at DESY, Hamburg.
The high centre-of-mass energy allows research to be carried out at
and beyond the electroweak symmetry breaking scale, as well as the
investigation of the colour gauge interactions in unexplored kinematic
regimes. Sensitive searches for new phenomena, new particles and
interactions beyond the standard model of particle physics are
possible, in particular the search for new symmetries that prevailed
in the early universe.

The group has been a member of the ZEUS collaboration since its
inception in 1984. It has participated in the building and running of
the detector, which has been operated at HERA since 1992. The group is
presently involved in major upgrade work on the detector and the
software in preparation for the second phase of HERA operation called
HERA2000.
This phase will start in mid. 2001 and will contain new features of
the HERA collider that will dramatically enhance the physics potential
of the programme:
\begin{itemize}
\item a five-fold increase in the luminosity and
\item longitudinally polarised lepton beams.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Current status of research}

Lepton-proton scattering has been a prime source of our present notion
of particle physics. The existence of coloured quarks as the building
blocks of hadrons, as well as the dynamical role of the gluons was
first observed in electron-proton scattering in the early seventies.
The HERA experiments, in particular ZEUS, have made significant
contributions to the understanding of the internal dynamical structure
of the proton.  The most important findings so far are the increasing
density of gluons as their momentum fraction in the proton decreases
and the rather large fraction, about 10\%, of deep inelastic
scattering events that contain a rapidity gap, characteristic of a
diffractive process. The unification of the electromagnetic and the
weak interactions is manifestly seen in the space-like exchange
process, by comparing the cross-sections at 4-momentum transfers
$Q^{2} \approx M_{Z}^{2}$, for neutral exchanges mediated by the
photon and the $Z$ boson, with those for charged exchanges, mediated
by the W bosons.

HERA is unique for studying hadronic cross-sections of multi-TeV
leptons and photons (in the lab. frame) and for collecting detailed
information on the hadronic final state of such reactions.

\subsubsection*{Own experience}

The group has made strong contributions to the physics analyses of the
ZEUS data taken so far. More than 20 of the 80 ZEUS physics papers published
in refereed journals originated from this group or contain decisive
contributions from its members.

The results already obtained by ZEUS at HERA are relevant for a number of
current issues of astroparticle physics. Examples are the seraches for
leptoquakrs, lepton flavour violation and excited fermions.

\subsubsection*{Goals of the project}

The new phase of HERA and ZEUS will require the development of a new
medium-term strategy, in order to exploit the full potential of high
$Q^{2}$ physics. One needs data taken with both electrons and
positrons, polarised and unpolarised, and, ideally, with both protons
and deuterons. The physics programme will complement the programme of
quantum chromodynamics (QCD) physics already underway with phase I
HERA data. Electroweak physics will basically start with the new
HERA2000 stage, and will complement the precision measurements already
made in $e^{+}e^{-}$ studies in the time-like domain at LEP. Both
lines of investigation are not only interesting in their own right,
but are essential if signatures for physics beyond the standard model
are to be convincingly established.

In more detail the additional topics that we will address in this
project are:
\begin{itemize}
\item search for supersymmetric particle signatures,
\item search for new interactions at a very high energy scale, which then
  manifest themselves as effective contact interactions,
\item search for substructure of leptons and quarks by searching for
  their excited partners,
\item search for signs of large extra space-lime dimensions,
\item developments to measure cosmic ray showers and interactions with
  the ZEUS detector and and other HERA detectors (CosmoHERA project).
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Estimate of resources expected from DFG}

Funding of the detector equipment and operation has been granted by
the BMBF (Verbundforschung Hochenergiephysik) until 2003 and can be
reasonably expected for some years beyond. The BMBF grant includes
some funding for manpower and travel, so that the core programme of
particle physics is expected to be covered by this and the
university/state infrastructure and personnel. While the Bonn ZEUS
group has heavy commmitments to new detector components and the
HERA2000 phase, the interest in analyses relevant for the physics
issues in this proposal is strong.

For the additional physics topics that will be investigated in this
programme we request:
\begin{itemize}
\item Manpower: 1 post-doc position,
\item Travel: some - mostly to SFB meetings.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Members of research group relevant for the project}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Ian C. Brock (Professor C3),
\item Erwin Hilger (Professor C4),
\item James A. Crittenden (Oberassistent C2),
\item Ulrich F. Katz (Oberassistent C2).
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection*{Connections to other projects of current SFB proposal}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Electron-positron collisions at 200 GeV,
\item Proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV,
\item Theory projects ``Beyond the Standard Model'',
\item Cosmology and High Energy Particle-Astrophysics.
\end{enumerate}


% ======================================================

\subsection{Electron-Positron Collisions at 200 GeV}

{\bf{ {Professor M. Kobel}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/733532}\\ {Fax: 0228/733220}\\ {Email:
kobel@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor N. Wermes}\\
{Physikalisches Institut}\\ {Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee
12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon: 0228/733533}\\ {Fax:
0228/733220}\\ {Email: wermes@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}

\subsubsection*{Abstract}
Electron-positron collisions are studied using data collected with the
OPAL detector at the Large Electron Positron Collider LEP at CERN
(Geneva). The data allow research to be carried out at the scale of
electroweak symmetry breaking and questions related to the
Higgs-mechanism, gauge interactions and supersymmetry to be studied.
The group has participated in setting up and running the OPAL detector
which has been operated at LEP from 1989 to 2000. Since 1996 data at
the highest available energies (200 GeV) have been taken. In the
context of the proposed SFB the group will analyse these data with a
special emphasis on the above mentioned topics related to questions of
``Particles in an Evolving Universe''.

\subsubsection*{Current status of research}
Electron-Positron Collisions have been prominent at the forefront
of particle physics since 1974. LEP has been the largest collider
of this type to date. (More text if needed).

\subsubsection*{Own experience}
Since 1989 the OPAL detector at LEP has taken data first at c.m.
energies around the mass of the $Z^0$ boson (91 GeV) until 1995
and since 1996 at the highest available energies of the LEP
collider up to 208 GeV.

At 91 GeV studies on the following topics were carried out in
Bonn.

\begin{itemize}
\item
physics and properties of the tau lepton
\item
studies on CP violation in 2-fermion final states
\item
determination of the strong coupling constant and parameters of
non-perturbative QCD
\item
production of $\Lambda$ Baryons and spin correlatons
\item
studies on the differences between quarks and gluon jets
\item
studies of Bose-Einstein Correlations
\end{itemize}

At the highest accessible energies of LEP (LEP2) the following
research topics were carried out

\begin{itemize}
\item
pair production of W and Z bosons, study of masses (W), cross
sections and couplings
\item
search for the Higgs boson (standard model and MSSM)
\item
searches for beyond standard model couplings and physics
\item
QED precision measurements
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Goals of the project}
Within this SFB we plan to continue to study data taken with the
OPAL detector until about 2004 in the following research areas

\begin{itemize}
\item search for the Higgs boson (until mid 2002)
\item new physics from gauge couplings
\item Search for low energy phenomena extending to superstring inspired models
(extra dimensions, etc.)
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Estimate of resources expected from DFG}

Manpower: 1 PhD position\\[0.5em] Travel: zero or a little bit,
mainly to travel to SFB meetings

\subsubsection*{Members of research group relevant for the project}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
M. Kobel (Professor, C3)
\item
N. Wermes (Professor, C4)
\item
A. Quadt (Hochschulassistent, C1)
\item
G. Martinez (Postdoc, 3.2001)
\end{enumerate}

\subsubsection*{Connections to other projects of current SFB proposal}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Electron-Proton collisions at HERA,
\item Proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV,
\item Theory projects ``Beyond the Standard Model'',
\item Cosmology and High Energy Particle-Astrophysics.
\end{enumerate}


% ====================================================================

\subsection{Proton-Proton Collisions at 14 TeV}

{\bf{ {Professor M. Kobel}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/}\\ {Fax: 0228/733220}\\ {Email:
kobel@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor N. Wermes}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/733533}\\ {Fax: 0228/733220}\\ {Email:
wermes@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}


\subsubsection*{Abstract}
With the construction of the Large-Hadron-Collider LHC at CERN, in
Geneva which reaches a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, the most
powerful accelerator to probe the physics at time scales of
$10^{-14}$s after the big bang is being built. ATLAS is one of two
big all-purpose detectors to be installed in LHC in 2004. The
group is involved in developing and building a $2 \mathrm{m^2}$ pixel
detector as the innermost tracking device for ATLAS located as
close as possible to the interaction point. The pixel detector is
vital for the detection and tagging of b-hadrons and for precision
tracking close to the interaction point. With ATLAS it will be
possible to study reactions related to symmetry breaking (Higgs
Mechanism), supersymmetry, superstring inspired theories and other
phenomena at energies well above the TeV range. The group plans to
join a running experiment (D0) at the TEVATRON collider (Fermilab,
Chicago) to gain experience in the physics at proton-proton
colliders before the LHC turn-on.

\subsubsection*{Current status of research} Proton-Proton Collisions
have been prominent in attaining highest collision energies at the
price of a less clean evironment when compared for instance to
electron-positron colliders. The LHC is as such in line with
previous machines as the ISR (CERN), the SppS (CERN) and the
Tevatron (Fermilab). Prominent research results at these machines
are the discovery of the weak heavy vector bosons $W^\pm$ and
$Z^0$ and the discovery of the top quark in 1995. After the
successes of the LEP and SLC $e^+e^-$ colliders in precision
testing the standard model of electroweak interactions, the next
step probing the physics beyond the the standard model is due at
the proton-proton colliders Tevatron (2 TeV) and LHC (14 TeV).
Prominent examples of reasearch fields are: research of the Higgs
sector, search for phenomena related to supersysmmetry and other
phenomena beyond the standard model such as leptoquarks or
additional vector bosons as well as tests of superstring inspired
models. Detector techniques at the very forefront of current
detector R$\&$D find their realisation in ATLAS. A particular
example is the ATLAS pixel detector, a high resolution tracking
device consisting of about $10^8$ pixels with individual
amplification electronics covering an area of $2.1$ m$^2$. This
detector is built in the so-called hybrid pixel technique, in
which an active sensor and amplifying VLSI electronics are joined
using the bump and flip-chip technique.

\subsubsection*{Own experience}
The group of Proffs. Wermes and Kobel have experience in detector
building and data analysis at electron-positron colliders since
1992. Special expertise has been developed in the area of
semiconductor detectors and VLSI chip electronics since 1994. The
group plays a major role in the development of the ATLAS pixel
detector. For this a large (250 $m^2$) silicon lab has been set up
with clean room and precision measurement equipment. There is no
first hand expertise in the analysis of proton-proton collisions.
It is planned to join the D0 collaboration at Fermilab with a
small portion of the group to obtain experience in this field
before the startup of the LHC.

\subsubsection*{Goals of the project}
In the context of this SFB we plan to build the pixel detector
(largely funded by BMBF) and to focus on the studies of questions
related to the physics beyond the standard model and to questions
related to cosmology in the one TeV and more energy range.
Particular analyses we intend to look into are

\begin{itemize}
\item
search for the higgs boson, its properties, and the understanding
of the higgs mechanism
\item
search for supersymmetry
\item
search for extra dimensions, and low energy superstring phenomena
\item
study of symmetry breaking and CP - violation
\item
a precision measurement of the mass of the W-boson ??
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection*{Estimate of resources expected from DFG}

Manpower: 1 PostDoc position\\[0.5em]
Travel: 10 kDM/year

\subsubsection*{Members of research group relevant for the project}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
N. Wermes (Professor, C4)
\item
M. Kobel (Professor, C3)
\item
P. Fischer (Akademischer Rat)
\item
A. Quadt (Hochschulassistent, C1)
\item
F. H\"ugging (Postdoc, 1.2001)
\item
G. Martinez (Postdoc, 1.2001)
\item
N.N. (Hochschulassistent C1, 10.2001)
\item
G. Geich-Gimbel (Researcher)
\item
T. Kokott (Researcher)
\end{enumerate}


\subsubsection*{Connections to other projects of current SFB proposal}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Electron-positron collisions at 200 GeV,
\item Electron-proton collisions at HERA,
\item Theory projects ``Beyond the Standard Model'',
\item Cosmology and High Energy Particle-Astrophysics.
\end{enumerate}


% ====================================================================

\subsection{Studies for Electron-Positron Collisions at a 500 GeV Linear Collider}

{\bf{ {Professor I.C. Brock}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/733616}\\ {Fax: 0228/737869}\\ {Email:
brock@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor E. Hilger}\\
{Physikalisches Institut}\\ {Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee
12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon: 0228/733240}\\ {Fax:
0228/737869}\\ {Email: hilger@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor M. Kobel}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/}\\ {Fax: 0228/733220}\\ {Email:
kobel@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}\\[0.5em]
{\bf{ {Professor N. Wermes}\\ {Physikalisches Institut}\\
{Universit\"at Bonn}\\ {Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon:
0228/733533}\\ {Fax: 0228/733220}\\ {Email:
wermes@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}

\subsubsection*{Abstract}

A 500 GeV linear collider is the subject of a number of studies around
the world. The physics that can be done at such a machine has been
studied in a series of workshops. A technical design report for a
superconducting linear collider, TESLA,  to be built at DESY, Hamburg is
currently in preparation and should be submitted in 2001.

\subsubsection*{Current status of research}

The current status of resarch in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions is summarised
in the section ``Electron-Positron Collisions at 200 GeV''. Members
are participating in simulations of physics prcoesses

\subsubsection*{Own experience}

Members have been involved in many previous $e^{+}e{-}$ experiments
and have a wide experience of the physics potential as well as the
detector requirements for such machines.

\subsubsection*{Goals of the project}

While one can expect the agents for electroweak symmetry breaking will
be discovered at the LHC before a linear collider comes into operation,
an electron-positron collider can study their properties in
unprecedented detail. Cross sections and branching ratios can be
mneasured easily and one can use the electron beam polarisation to
measure quantum numbers and important mixing angles.

\subsubsection*{Estimate of resources expected from DFG}

Manpower: 1 PhD\\[0.5em]
Travel: 10 kDM/year

\subsubsection*{Members of research group relevant for the project}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
I. Brock (Professor C3)
\item
M. Kobel (Professor C3)
\item
E. Hilger (Professor C4)
\item
N. Wermes (Professor C4)
\item
J. Crittenden (Oberassistent C2)
\item
A. Quadt (Hochschulassistent C1)
\item
G. Martinez (PostDoc)
\item
U. Katz (Oberassistent C2)
\end{enumerate}


\subsubsection*{Connections to other projects of current SFB proposal}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Electron-positron collisions at 200 GeV,
\item Electron-Proton collisions at HERA,
\item Proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV,
\item Theory projects ``Beyond the Standard Model'',
\item Cosmology and High Energy Particle-Astrophysics.
\end{enumerate}

% ====================================================================

\subsection{Development of low noise active pixel detectors for Xray-Astronomy}

{\bf{ {Dr., P. Fischer}\\ {Institut}\\ {Universit\"at Bonn}\\
{Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon: 0228/732996}\\ {Fax:
0228/733220}\\ {Email: fischerp@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}} {\bf{

{Professor, N. Wermes}\\ {Institut}\\ {Universit\"at Bonn}\\
{Nussallee 12}\\ {D-53115 BONN}\\ {Telefon: 0228/733533}\\ {Fax:
0228/733220}\\ {Email: wermes@physik.uni-bonn.de}\\}}

\subsubsection*{Abstract}
DEPFET Pixel detectors which include an amplifying transistor in
every pixel cell have been developed and shown to be very
interesting as the next generation of xray detectors to be
operated on xray satellite missions such as the planned XMM-Newton
successor XEUS. The development and eventual imstallation of this
detector in a dedicated satellite mission is proposed.

\subsubsection*{Current status of research}
The DEPFET pixel concept is unique worldwide. The idea is to
implement the first amplifying transistor directly into the
silicon pixel cell and to shape the electric fiels in side the
substrate material such that incident particles or radiation
released charges are directly sensed by the transistor current and
thereby amplified. The concept, first proposed in 1987, offers
very low noise at room temperature and high sensitivity and
spatial resolution for Xray detection. The DEPFET pixel
development is carried out in a collaboration between the
Max-Plank Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), the
Werner-Heisenberg-Institute of Physics (MPI-WHI) and Bonn
University.

\subsubsection*{Own experience}
After the successful operation of DEPFET prototype pixel detectors
with one pixel cell only in Munich in the early 90s, our group
started to carry out dedicated research on DEPFET single pixels
and large (64x64 cells) DEPFET matrices by developing dedicated
switching an amplifying ASIC chips for operation and readout. In
1999 we succeeded in operating a full DEPFET system for imaging
with equivalent noise charges of about 50 electrons. On single
pixels we showed that the noise level can be reduced by another
factor 10 or more.

\subsubsection*{Goals of the project}
The collaboration with MPE/MPI towards the development of an xray
sensor for satellite missions is in place since July 2000. The
goal is the development of a large area DEPFET pixel detector for
the detection of distant xray sources in a dedicated satellite
mission.

\subsubsection*{Estimate of resources expected from DFG}

Manpower: 1 PhD\\[0.5em]
Travel: 10 kDM/year

\subsubsection*{Members of research group relevant for the project}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
N. Wermes (Professor, C4)
\item
P. Fischer (Akademischer Rat)
\item
\end{enumerate}


\subsubsection*{Connections to other projects of current SFB proposal}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV,
\item Studies for Electron-Positron Collisions at a 500 GeV Linear Collider,
\item Cosmology and High Energy Particle-Astrophysics.
\item Kreysa ... Menten
\end{enumerate}



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